所谓杆件，是指纵向（长度方向）尺寸比横向（垂直于长度方向）尺寸要大得多的构件。
房屋中的梁、柱等构件一般都被抽象为杆件。
杆件的形状和尺寸可由杆的横截面和轴线两个主要几何元素来描述。横截面是指与杆长方向垂直的截面，而轴线是各横截面中心的连线。横截面与杆轴线是互相垂直的。
轴线为直线、横截面相同的杆称为等截面直杆。建筑力学、材料力学主要研究等截面直杆。横截面的大小沿轴线变化的杆件则称为变截面杆。
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